The Daf and other skin-frame drums are believed to be some of the oldest percussion instruments in the world. Because of its wide geographic origins and diverse socio-cultural context, there are multiple variations of how the drum is used. Over the past decade, Persian classical musicians have become interested in the mystical and folk genres of Iranian music, combining those traditions with classical Iranian music. The Daf has served to bring these distinct forms of music together. Mehrdad Arabifard's Daf and Taraneh attempts to teach the playing of the Daf in a rigorous and academic manner.